Epinephrine (adrenaline) is an emergency drug used for severe allergic reactions and cardiac arrest in dogs, cats, horses, and livestock.

INDICATIONS

• Anaphylaxis/Severe Allergic Reactions: To reverse life-threatening systemic reactions constricting blood vessels, relaxing airways, and increasing heart function.
• Cardiac Arrest (CPR): To stimulate the heart to beat and increase blood flow during resuscitation efforts.
• Severe Asthma/Bronchoconstriction: To rapidly open airways (bronchodilation) in acute, severe attacks.
• Shock: To raise dangerously low blood pressure.
• Local Anesthesia: Added to local anesthetics to constrict blood vessels, slowing drug absorption and extending the numbing effect. 

ADMINISTRATION

• Intramuscular (IM): Injected into the muscle, often used for anaphylaxis.
• Subcutaneous (SQ): Injected under the skin, also for allergic reactions.
• Intravenous (IV): Directly into a vein, typically for rapid effects in cardiac arrest or shock.
• Intraosseous (IO): Into the bone marrow, another option for emergency access.
• Intratracheal (IT): Into the trachea (windpipe) during CPR if IV/IO access isn’t possible; dose is usually higher. 

• Auto-injectors: Pre-filled devices (like EpiPens) for quick IM injection.
• Vials/Syringes: Standard injectable solutions (e.g., 1mg/mL) for drawing up specific doses.
• Inhalation: Powdered forms are available for respiratory issues.